![]() However popular such views may have become, others have criticized this view, suggesting there were no such ribats around Outremer until after the military orders had been founded. In 1820, José Antonio Conde suggested they were modeled on the ribat, a fortified religious institution which brought together a religious or hospital way of life with fighting the enemies of Islam. In 1818, the orientalist Joseph von Hammer compared the Catholic military orders, in particular the Knights Templar, to certain Islamic models such as the Muslim sect of Assassins. One significant feature of the military orders was that clerical brothers could be subordinate to non-ordained brethren. However, they were not purely male institutions, as nuns could attach themselves as convents of the orders. ![]() Some of them, like the Knights Hospitaller, the Knights of Saint Thomas, and the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus also had charitable purposes and cared for the sick and poor. The original features of the military orders were the combination of religious and military ways of life. Both orders existed only for about a century. Shortly thereafter, the Order of the " Knights of the Band" was founded in 1332 by King Alfonso XI of Castile. The first secularized military order was the Order of Saint George, founded in 1326 by King Charles I of Hungary, through which he made all the Hungarian nobility swear loyalty to him. The foundation of the Knights Templar in 1118 provided the first in a series of tightly organized military forces for the purpose of opposing Islamic conquests in the Holy Land and in the Iberian Peninsula - see the Reconquista - as well as Islamic invaders and pagan tribes in Eastern Europe which were perceived as threats to the Church's supremacy. The founding of such orders suited the Catholic church's plan of channeling the devotion of the European nobility toward achieving the Church's temporal goals, and it also complemented the Peace and Truce of God. In response to the Islamic conquests of the former Byzantine Empire, numerous Catholic military orders were set up following the First Crusade. In 1053, for the Battle of Civitate, the Knights of Saint Peter ( Milites Sancti Petri) was founded as a militia by Pope Leo IX to counter the Normans. Those military orders that survive today have evolved into purely honorific or ceremonial orders or else into charitable foundations. However, some persisted longer in their original functions, such as the Sovereign Military Order of Malta and the Order of Saint John, the respective Catholic and Protestant successors of the Knights Hospitaller. ![]() The Knights Templar, the largest and most influential of the military orders, was suppressed in the early fourteenth century only a handful of orders were established and recognized afterwards. The orders owned houses called commanderies all across Europe and had a hierarchical structure of leadership with the grand master at the top. Most members of military orders were laymen who took religious vows, such as of poverty, chastity, and obedience, according to monastic ideals. They are the predecessors of chivalric orders. ![]() They arose in the Middle Ages in association with the Crusades, both in the Holy Land, the Baltic states, and the Iberian peninsula their members being dedicated to the protection of pilgrims and the defence of the Crusader states. The original military orders were the Knights Templar, the Knights Hospitaller, the Order of Saint James, the Order of Calatrava, and the Teutonic Knights. A military order ( Latin: militaris ordo) is a Christian religious society of knights. ![]()
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